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REVIEW OF LITERATURE Research works in working capital management gives us an outstanding view about the exploration of the topic in different dimensions by different authors. The authors have emphasized that working capital management has to be effectively utilized for generating funds from sales. They have examined the efficiency of working capital management in different aspects. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chakra borty P K. (2004) Stated that the conventional method of measuring liquidity would not be sufficient to cover this extended view of liquidity and new framework must be developed to cover analysis of amount and trend of internal cash flow, which is the better proposition to focus on a firm’s liquidity position than those based on financial ratios. Reddy Y V. and Patkar S B. (2004) Stated that sundry debtors and amount due to creditors are the major components of current assets and current liabilities respectively in determining the size of the working capital. Haworth C. and West head P. (2003) In their study of working capital in small firms of the UK found that firms focus only on those areas where they expect to improve marginal returns. Narasimhan and Murthy Stress on the need for many industries to improve their return on capital employed(ROCE) by focusing on some critical areas such as cost containment, reducing investment in working capital and improving working capital efficiency. Sanger emphasized that working capital has increasingly been looked at as a restraint on financial performance since these assets do not contribute to return on equity. The study undertaken by Peel et al (2000) revealed that small firms trend to have a relatively high proportion of current assets, less liquidity, exhibit volatile cash flows and a high reliance on short term debt. Shin and Soenen (1999) Found that long term funds were used for working and observed that flexibility and adjustment in the requirement of working capital depended on the availability and cost of working capital. The pioneer work of Shin and Soenen has found a strong significant relationship between the measures of working capital management and corporate profitability by reducing the number of days of accounts receivables and inventories. Chittenden ET. Al (1998) In their study revealed that working capital management is of particular importance the small business. With limited access to the long term capital markets these firms tend to rely more heavily on owner financing, trade credit and short term bank loans to finance their needed investments in cash, accounts receivables and inventory. According to Fraser (1998) There may be no more financial discipline that is more important, more understood, and more often overlooked than cash management. Bhattacharya In this study stated that for every business concern, irrespective of its size, nature and age, working capital is the life blood of the firm. Peterson and Rajan (1997) In their study revealed that the cost of availing trade credit from suppliers may be cost advantages vis-a-vis financing the working capital needs from the banks and financial Institutions due to competition in the product market. How to cite Review of Literature, Essay examples Review of literature Free Essays Grand Canyon University Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases MRS.-IV Sandra White July 3, 2014 Epidemiology Hepatitis B We have come far in healthcare and everyday we get closer to solutions and can succeed in the understanding of disease processes unknown and foreign to us. We have been challenged many times by the illnesses that have taken so many lives but never in vain as when this unfortunate event has happened we have been able to get closer to a solution. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now The many diseases that have been a main factor in causing death are many however; we have come far in the vaccination process and treatments. In this paper we will focus on Hepatitis B. The virus that has been around for many years and was unknown to mankind until it became a global issues, causing scientists from all over the world to assess, evaluate and then research for a vaccination against this virus, in the 1965 by DRP Plumber however, it was licensed in the unites states in 1981 to be used as it showed a 90 or greater % chance of treatment (â€Å"Hepatitis B foundation,† 2014). Writing about hepatitis B and talking about, people will understand that it is a virus which they should get vaccinated for or have their children vaccinated however, what truly is Hepatitis B and what does it do? Continuing on this important subject this writer will start off by explaining where this virus was discovered and where it could have manifested. We will also discuss the symptoms, treatment and environmental factors contributing to the disease. Including the nurses’ role in the system. What can a health care worker contribute and teach the community? Hepatitis B (HUB) affects the liver of the infected person. It in turn causes scaring of he liver, liver diseases, death and liver cancer (CDC, 2014). The way a person can get infected in the first place varies. Many times one could get infected by blood ; open sores, sharing needles, unprotected intercourse and any other way of transferring blood from an exposed person to an unexposed person. The infection is not such as HIVE, meaning you get infected once and then you raise immunity towards it and will not be exposed or get infected again. This also varies as some, will not get rid of the infection. If this occurs, where someone has been infected for more than six months hey will be considered a carrier and can easily without any sign and symptoms of infection, infect others. The symptoms vary from person to person however the main symptoms and side effects include and are not limited to, fever, Jaundice, abdominal pain, unexplained fatigue and unusual light colored stools, causing extreme gastrointestinal dysfunctions and pain (â€Å"Hepatitis B foundation,† 2014). A damaged liver caused by the HUB can be detrimental. The liver is an organ we can not survive without, it is as it would be an engine, cleaning the system; clearing the load of waste products, drugs, making clotting factors to stop excessive bleeding after cuts and injuries. It also produces immune factors and will remove bacteria from the blood. Furthermore, it also releases bile to help digest food and absorb many nutrients needed (â€Å"Hepatitis B foundation,† 2014). HUB can cause liver cancer and if not treated immediately, it can be detrimental to the affected person. It is important to have a liver biopsy in this case and move forward with appropriate treatment such as any surgical removal of tumor or targeted liver chemotherapy. Treating and preventing this disease is mainly and most focused on certain age groups. It in this case has a demographic interest approach. Per the Hepatitis B Foundation, they report that the â€Å"risk of developing a chronic hepatitis infection is directly related to the age at which one becomes infected with the virus (â€Å"Hepatitis B foundation,† 2014). Per the Centers for disease control and prevention they report that the highest rated infected populations are infants with infected mothers, health care workers, intercourse between men, population who share needles between hem when using illicit drugs and any contact between infected and uninfected person. They continue to report that there is no acute treatment for an acute infection and that treatment is supportive, as many may also not have clear symptoms at first. Furthermore, per the world health organization, they report â€Å"more than 780 000 people die every year† form HUB in the world (WHO, 2014). The geographical distribution is such that the highest rate presents in the sub Sahara Africa and East Asia. We must understand that these are poor unprivileged areas in the world and cost likely and many times do not have enough access to education, vaccines or treatment. The world organization of health reports that most of these people in these areas are infected as children and 5-10 % of adults become chronically infected with HUB however, in general it is reported by WHO as well that 15-25% of adults who become chronically infected during childhood die from hepatitis B- related liver cancer or cirrhosis. WHO, 2014). Again, the vaccine has been available for everyone since 1982 shortly after it was discovered in 1965. It has shown and proven to decrease the infection by 95% (CDC, 2014). However, funding and availability of transport and financial support is lacking to spread the vaccination to these regions and could, unfortunately take many more lives before a solution can be re ached and adding that â€Å"HUB and HCI infections account for the majority of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer throughout most of the world† (Peer,J. F. , Armstrong, G. L, 2006). Further discussing the HUB this writer will contrast it towards the epidemiology triangle, which was founded and created by researchers to better understand and solve health problems including viruses and infections. By researching around the epidemiology triangle for Hepatitis B we can understand that there is an agent, which in this case would be the HUB (virus), which, then will infect the host (a human). Vertex number three is the environmental factor researches pertain to as â€Å"where†, the condition of the host, the outside factors causing the agent to reside on host and infect it. For hepatitis B we have confirmed that all the factors exist. The agent (HUB) will enter the host whom would be the human blood cells, in other words, HUB infection is caused by the virus which will penetrate in to the cell and release its gnome into it. As we will not go into the details of the viral life cycle but including that per the Journal by Lu X and Block Timothy, in their research, † Study of early steps of hepatitis B life cycle† they report that the virus will infect its host by three stages called; attachment, fusion and entry. The research is still ongoing on the specifics of the complete cycle of the HUB (Lu Block, 2004). The environmental factor includes dried blood on surfaces, which is infected, and if another person will have contact with it. Another environmental situation can be the needles found on streets seed by drug users whom can have been infected as well. When healthcare workers work with blood pathogens and areas where they could easily be exposed it is important for them to be vaccinated before hand as this environmental factor could have a deadly turn out. So what is the role of the community nurse in this case and in regards to hepatitis B? As nurses are to advocate for their community it is also a responsibility for some to step up in their role and collect data and analyze the case findings within the community. In this regard it is important and in many cases also a requirement for a ruse to obtain a baccalaureate degree in nursing and to then establish partnership and collaboration with public health professionals. It is important for the public health nurse to involve the community and their awareness on public safety, vaccination and prevention of diseases. Some ways a public health nurse can participate is to help clinics control communicable diseases, educate and participate in environmental sanitation, health education including schools as well. To control and manage results, increase or decrease of disease within the community, a nurse could for example collect data by questionnaires. Another way would be to collaborate with laboratories by collecting data and assessing the results Furthermore, nurses should follow up with every patient who might have been infected or could be at risk for infection by doing home calls or call patients back to assess results and contribute further in education. There are many national agencies one can choose to seek further information from or refer a client too; one of them is the center for disease control and prevention. Another major agency is the world health organization, which also covers on an international level. Another online site that can be viewed is Hepatitis B foundation with tremendous amount of information and the latest updates on research. For the serving and veterans the VA has many resources as well that can be visited. As the information has become vast and with new technology discovered, we are get a little closer to a wider solution and treatment including prevention. There are still many vast majorities of regions that are in need of proper education and preventive care such as vaccines however, with the appropriate funding and health care providers this goal can also be reached. How to cite Review of literature, Papers